List of Figures

Figure 1: Label Encoding

Figure 2: Class-of-Service Bits

Figure 3: CSPF Computation Process

Figure 4: Aggregation Router A Dual-Homed on Core Routers B and C

Figure 5: Typical SPF Tree, Sourced from Router A

Figure 6: Modified SPF Tree, Using LSP A–D as a Shortcut

Figure 7: Modified SPF Tree, Using LSP A–D and LSP A–E as Shortcuts

Figure 8: IGP Shortcuts

Figure 9: IGP Shortcuts in a Bigger Network

Figure 10: SPF Computations with Advertised LSPs

Figure 11: MPLS Application Topology

Figure 12: How BGP Determines How to Reach Next-Hop Addresses

Figure 13: Routing and Forwarding Tables, traffic-engineering bgp

Figure 14: Routing and Forwarding Tables, traffic-engineering bgp-igp

Figure 15: Detours Established for an LSP Using Fast Reroute

Figure 16: Detour After the Link from Router B to Router C Fails

Figure 17: Detours Merging into Other Detours

Figure 18: Point-to-Multipoint LSPs

Figure 19: IPv6 Networks Linked by MPLS IPv4 Tunnels

Figure 20: Static MPLS Configuration

Figure 21: Link Protection Creating a Bypass LSP for the Protected Interface

Figure 22: Node Protection Creating a Next-Next-Hop Bypass LSP

Figure 23: Swap and Push When LDP LSPs Are Tunneled Through RSVP LSPs

Figure 24: Double Push When LDP LSPs Are Tunneled Through RSVP LSPs

Figure 25: TCC Example

Figure 26: Remote Interface Switch Connecting Two CE Routers Using CCC

Figure 27: Layer 2 Switching Cross-Connect

Figure 28: Topology of a Frame Relay Layer 2 Switching Cross-Connect

Figure 29: Sample Topology of a VLAN Layer 2 Switching Cross-Connect

Figure 30: MPLS Tunnel Cross-Connect

Figure 31: Example Topology of MPLS LSP Tunnel Cross-Connect

Figure 32: LSP Stitching Cross-Connect

Figure 33: Example Topology of LSP Stitching Cross-Connect