Overview
With the increased use of remote access, the need for managing more network access servers (NAS) has increased. Additionally, the need for control access on a per-user basis has escalated, as has the need for central administration of users and passwords.
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS) is a security protocol that provides centralized validation of users who are attempting to gain access to a router or NAS. TACACS+, a more recent version of the original TACACS protocol, provides separate authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services.
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NOTE: TACACS+ is a completely new protocol and is not compatible with TACACS or XTACACS. |
The TACACS+ protocol provides detailed accounting information and flexible administrative control over the authentication, authorization, and accounting process. The protocol allows a TACACS+ client to request detailed access control and allows the TACACS + process to respond to each component of that request. TACACS+ uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for its transport.
TACACS+ provides security by encrypting all traffic between the NAS and the process. Encryption relies on a secret key that is known to both the client and the TACACS+ process.
Table 61 describes terms that are frequently used in this chapter.
AAA Overview
TACACS+ allows effective communication of AAA information between NASs and a central server. The separation of the AAA functions is a fundamental feature of the TACACS+ design:
- Authentication—Determines who a user is, then determines whether that user should be granted access to the network. The primary purpose is to prevent intruders from entering your networks. Authentication uses a database of users and passwords.
- Authorization—Determines what an authenticated user is allowed to do. Authorization gives the network manager the ability to limit network services to different users. Also, the network manager can limit the use of certain commands to various users. Authorization cannot occur without authentication.
- Accounting—Tracks what a user did and when it was done. Accounting can be used for an audit trail or for billing for connection time or resources used. Accounting can occur independent of authentication and authorization.
Central management of AAA means that the information is in a single, centralized, secure database, which is much easier to administer than information distributed across numerous devices. Both RADIUS and TACACS+ protocols are client-server systems that allow effective communication of AAA information.
For information about RADIUS, see Chapter 1, Configuring Remote Access and Chapter 3, Configuring RADIUS Attributes.
Administrative Login Authentication
Fundamentally, TACACS+ provides the same services as RADIUS. Every authentication login attempt on an NAS is verified by a remote TACACS+ process.
TACACS+ authentication uses three packet types. Start packets and Continue packets are always sent by the user. Reply packets are always sent by the TACACS+ process.
TACACS+ sets up a TCP connection to the TACACS+ host and sends a Start packet. The TACACS+ host responds with a Reply packet, which either grants or denies access, reports an error, or challenges the user.
TACACS+ might challenge the user to provide username, password, passcode, or other information. Once the requested information is entered, TACACS+ sends a Continue packet over the existing connection. The TACACS+ host sends a Reply packet. Once the authentication is complete, the connection is closed. Only three login retries are allowed.
To enable login authentication through both TACACS+ and RADIUS servers, use the aaa new-model command to specify AAA authentication for Telnet sessions.
Privilege Authentication
The privilege authentication process determines whether a user is allowed to use commands at a particular privilege level. This authentication process is handled similarly to login authentication, except that the user is limited to one authentication attempt. An empty reply to the challenge forces an immediate access denial. The aaa authentication enable default command allows you to set privilege authentication for users.
Login Authorization
To allow login authorization through the TACACS+ server, you can use the following commands: aaa authorization, aaa authorization config-commands, and authorization. For information about using these commands, see JUNOSe System Basics Configuration Guide, Chapter 9, Passwords and Security.
Accounting
The TACACS+ accounting service enables you to create an audit trail of User Exec sessions and command-line interface (CLI) commands that have been executed within these sessions. For example, you can track user CLI connects and disconnects, when configuration modes have been entered and exited, and which configuration and operational commands have been executed.
You configure TACACS+ accounting in the JUNOSe software by defining accounting method lists and then associating consoles and lines with the method lists. You define an accounting method list with a service type, name, accounting mode, and method:
- service type—Specifies the type of information being recorded
- name—Uniquely identifies an accounting method list within a service type
- accounting mode—Specifies what type of accounting records will be generated
- method—Specifies the protocol for sending the accounting records to a security server
You can then configure consoles and lines with an accounting method list name for each service type:
- Method list—A specified configuration that defines how the NAS performs the AAA accounting service. A service type can be configured with multiple method lists with different names, and a method list name can be used for different service types. Initially, no accounting method list is defined; therefore TACACS+ accounting is disabled.
- Default method list—Configuration used by consoles and lines when no named method list is assigned. You enable TACACS+ accounting by defining default accounting method lists for each service type.
- Named method list—Assigned to a console, specific line, or group of lines; overrides the default method list.
- Exec—Provides information about User Exec terminal sessions, such as telnet, Local Area Transport (LAT), and rlogin, on the NAS.
- Commands <0-15>—Provides information about User Exec mode CLI commands for a specified privilege level that are being executed on the NAS. Each of the sixteen command privilege levels is a separate service type. Accounting records are generated for commands executed by users, CLI scripts, and macros.
- Accounting mode—Specifies the type of accounting records that are recorded on the TACACS+ server. Accounting records track user actions and resource usage. You can analyze and use the records for network management, billing, and auditing purposes.
- start-stop—A start accounting record is generated just before a process begins, and a stop accounting record is generated after a process successfully completes. This mode is supported only for the Exec service type.
- stop-only—A stop accounting record is generated after a process successfully completes. This mode is supported only for the Commands service types.
The NAS sends TACACS+ accounting packets to the TACACS+ host. The accounting packets contain data in the packet header, packet body, and attribute-value pairs (AVPs). Table 62 provides descriptions of the TACACS+ accounting data.