List of Figures

Figure 1: GMPLS LSP Hierarchy

Figure 2: GMPLS Topology Diagram

Figure 3: TE Link and Interface ID Example

Figure 4: LMP Control Channel Topology Diagram

Figure 5: Connecting IPv6 Islands over MPLS

Figure 6: IPv6 over an MPLS Tunnel

Figure 7: Carrier-of-Carriers Example

Figure 8: Multiple-Instance LDP Topology Diagram

Figure 9: Link Protection and Node-Link Protection Comparison

Figure 10: MPLS LSP Link Protection Topology Diagram

Figure 11: Node-Link Protection Topology Diagram

Figure 12: RSVP LSP Tunnel Topology Diagram

Figure 13: Overlapping VPNs Topology Diagram

Figure 14: Nonforwarding Instance Concept

Figure 15: Nonforwarding Instances Topology Diagram

Figure 16: Logical Systems Concept

Figure 17: Logical System Topology Diagram

Figure 18: OSPFv3 for IPv6 Topology Diagram

Figure 19: MT-OSPF Area Boundary

Figure 20: BGP Route Resolution

Figure 21: Route Resolution for MTR

Figure 22: Route Resolution in Multitopology Routing

Figure 23: Passive Flow Monitoring Application Topology

Figure 24: Dynamic Flow Capture Topology

Figure 25: Passive Flow Monitoring—Topology Diagram

Figure 26: Flow Collector Interface Topology Diagram

Figure 27: Flow-Tap Topology Diagram

Figure 28: Active Flow Monitoring—Sampling Configuration Topology Diagram

Figure 29: Active Flow Monitoring—Sampling and Discard Accounting Topology Diagram

Figure 30: Active Flow Monitoring—Multiple Port Mirroring with Next-Hop Groups Topology Diagram

Figure 31: Version 5 Packet Header Format

Figure 32: Version 5 Flow-Export Flow Header Format

Figure 33: Version 8 Template Flow Format

Figure 34: Version 8 AS Aggregation Flow Entry Format

Figure 35: Version 8 Protocol/Port Aggregation Flow Entry Format

Figure 36: Version 8 Prefix Aggregation Flow Entry Format

Figure 37: Version 8 Source Prefix Aggregation Flow Entry Format

Figure 38: Version 8 Destination Prefix Aggregation Flow Entry Format

Figure 39: Version 9 Flow Header Format

Figure 40: Version 9 Template FlowSet Format

Figure 41: Version 9 Data FlowSet Format

Figure 42: Version 9 Options Template Format

Figure 43: Active Flow Monitoring Version 9 Options Data Record Format

Figure 44: AH Protocol

Figure 45: ESP Protocol

Figure 46: ES PIC Manual SA Topology Diagram

Figure 47: AS PIC Manual SA Topology Diagram

Figure 48: ES PIC IKE Dynamic SA Topology Diagram

Figure 49: AS PIC IKE Dynamic SA Topology Diagram

Figure 50: AS PIC to ES PIC IKE Dynamic SA Topology Diagram

Figure 51: AS PIC IKE Dynamic SA Topology Diagram

Figure 52: IPSec Dynamic Endpoint Tunneling Topology Diagram

Figure 53: Layer 2 Circuit Connection

Figure 54: Layer 2 Circuit Concept

Figure 55: Ethernet-Based Layer 2 Circuit Topology Diagram

Figure 56: SONET/SDH-Based Layer 2 Circuit Topology Diagram

Figure 57: ATM2 IQ-Based Layer 2 Circuit Topology Diagram

Figure 58: Layer 2 Circuit Traffic Engineering Topology Diagram

Figure 59: APS for a Layer 2 Circuit Topology Diagram

Figure 60: Multiprotocol BGP Multicast VPN Example

Figure 61: Multicast Over Layer 3 VPN Example Topology

Figure 62: Multicast Over Layer 3 VPN Operation

Figure 63: Basic IPv4 Multicast over a Layer 3 VPN Topology Diagram

Figure 64: IPv4 Multicast with Interprovider VPNs Topology Diagram

Figure 65: TCC Concept Example

Figure 66: Layer 2 TCC Switching

Figure 67: TCC Interface Switching—PPP to ATM

Figure 68: TCC Interface Switching—Frame Relay to Fast Ethernet

Figure 69: Layer 2.5 VPN Topology Diagram

Figure 70: Ethernet Switching Example

Figure 71: VPLS Introductory Example

Figure 72: Topology for BGP/LDP Interworking in a VPLS Instance

Figure 73: Multihoming for Border Area Routers

Figure 74: Traditional Flooding in a VPLS Routing Instance

Figure 75: VPLS Routing Instance with Point-to-Multipoint LSP Flooding

Figure 76: VPLS Topology Diagram

Figure 77: Topology for VPLS Configuration Example

Figure 78: Inter-AS VPLS with MAC Operations Example Topology